Online monitoring is the practice of continuously observing and recording data, activities, or behaviors that occur in real-time over the internet. This can include tracking website traffic, social media interactions, online transactions, user engagement, and more. Online monitoring allows businesses, researchers, and individuals to stay informed about trends, patterns, and issues in the online domain, enabling them to make informed decisions and take appropriate actions in a timely manner. This research area encompasses a wide range of techniques and tools, including web analytics, social media monitoring, cybersecurity monitoring, and more.